Pliny’s data allow for a more accurate biological identification of Gr. καλλαρίας with the Mediterranean poor cod/pouting (Trisopterus sp.), a hake-like fish which, unlike its close allies, displays a well-developed chin barbell. In this way the Greek fish name can be derived from καλλαρός, a synonym of βάρβαρος presumably used as an alternative name for the cock/hen/chicken also called Περσικὸς ὄρνις/ἀλέκτωρ ‘Persian bird/cock’. Diachronically, a semantic parallel of the ancient name can be found in the current ethnobiological nomenclature recorded in the Mediterranean area for Trisopterus sp. (poule de mer, lit. ‘sea-hen’ in southern France).