The decision between voice or exit in service cooperatives.

This study examines how job satisfaction influences constructive voice, destructive voice, and exit intentions within service cooperatives, drawing on Hirschman’s Exit-Voice-Loyalty (EVL) framework. Using survey data from 222 employees, a path model was employed to test both direct and moderated relationships. Results show that job satisfaction positively predicts constructive voice and negatively predicts destructive voice and exit intentions. Loyalty emerges as a key moderator, strengthening the positive link between satisfaction and constructive voice, while weakening the negative associations with destructive behaviours and exit. These findings underscore the importance of loyalty as a stabilising force that channels dissatisfaction into productive employee behaviours. By addressing both constructive and destructive voices alongside exit, the study provide an application of the EVL theory and enriches understanding of employee responses in cooperative contexts. Practical implications underscore the importance of nurturing loyalty to foster engagement, reduce turnover, and promote the cooperative spirit.