Semantic Mapping of Landscape Morphologies: Tuning ML/DL Classification Approaches for Airborne LiDAR Data

The interest in the enhancement of innovative solutions in the geospatial data classification domain from integrated aerial methods is rapidly growing. The transition from unstructured to structured information is essential to set up and arrange geodatabases and cognitive systems such as digital twins capable of monitoring territorial, urban, and general conditions of natural and/or anthropized space, predicting future developments, and considering risk prevention. This research is based on the study of classification methods and the consequent segmentation of low-altitude airborne LiDAR data in highly forested areas. In particular, the proposed approaches investigate integrating unsupervised classification methods and supervised Neural Network strategies, starting from unstructured point-based data formats. Furthermore, the research adopts Machine Learning classification methods for geo-morphological analyses derived from DTM datasets. This paper also discusses the results from a comparative perspective, suggesting possible generalization capabilities concerning the case study investigated.